Medical Investigation was based upon the true United States government organization, the National Institute of Health (NIH), with the goal of solving mysterious cases of medical problems in the United States and if necessary, worldwide. The team would be call upon to discover the cause of this effect and to find a cure to stop it. Dr. Stephen Connor (Neal McDonough) is the courageous leader of the team, who is also a father trying to balance his work and family live. Dr. Natalie Durant (Kelli Williams) is Connor's right hand. The team also includes Eva Rossi (Anna Belknap) as the NIH publicity liaison, specialist Frank Powell (Troy Winbush), and rookie agent Miles McCabe (Christopher Gorham).

NBC cancelled the series after one season, drawing heavy similarities to a similar show that premiered during the same season, House. There are currently no plans to release the series to DVD.